Alcohol as a Drug Overview
I was having a conversation this afternoon about rehab and I guess out of habit I kept saying “drug rehab” when we were talking about a person with an alcohol problem. I got called on it and the gentleman said, “well I don’t need drug rehab I need alcohol rehab!” Ok this kind of side swiped me and I stumbled for a minute, I was at a bit of a loss for words.
After a few seconds when I collected myself I said, “is alcohol a drug?” He says absolutely not, so my next question was “is water a liquid?” Well of course it is he tells me. Well alcohol is a drug no different than water is a liquid; the only reason you are making the distinction is because one is legal and the other mostly isn’t, but it is definitely a drug, that’s for sure.
Is Alcohol a Drug?
Alcohol is not only a drug, it is THE drug. It causes more addiction, violence, health problems, etc., than pretty much all others combined and is the most common date rape ‘drug’ of all of them, definitely the easiest to get your hands on.
In normal everyday speech however the word drug does not include alcohol normally, but let’s look at the definition of the word.
Drug – Noun
1: A medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body.
2: A substance taken for its narcotic or stimulant effects, often illegally: a cocaine-based drug
Is Alcohol a Drug? Well as for #1 it is definitely a substance that has a physiological effect when introduced into the body and for #2 it is also taken for its narcotic or stimulant effect. It takes time to get use to the taste and if not for the effect I don’t think people would drink it again after the first shot.
So by the definition it is definitely a drug, so why the distinction? I think it is because one is legal and socially acceptable and the other is not. Even in rehab you see the difference in groups sometimes and almost a hierarchy from between the “drug addicts” and the “alcoholics.” Where the alcoholics can form a sense that they are not the same as “them!”
Is Alcohol a Drug?
In some ways alcohol is the most difficult drug to get off. Why? Well it is a lot more readily available, you can walk into 7/11 in many places and score, you don’t have to know someone and meet them down a back alley. If you’re successful who is going to say anything to you when you “score” a 30-year-old bottle of scotch? Not just is alcohol your drug of choice, you can go to the ready-made drug dealers to hook up, called pubs.
So is alcohol a drug? Yes definitely, but a socially acceptable one. If you call up work in the morning and tell your boss, “I had a really big night last night, we didn’t stop drinking till about 4 am, I better not come into work today.” In today’s society you are being socially responsible and might even be commended for blowing off work providing it doesn’t happen very often, the boss might even laugh about it. Now call up and say, “Boss I was out smoking crack till 4 am, I better not come into work today!” Think his reaction will be the same? Why isn’t it? The results are the same, you’re not at work in the morning and the company is losing productivity because your night got out of hand and you are not fit to go to work.
It is absolutely no different than heroin, crack cocaine, methamphetamine, etc. The only major difference is providing you don’t drive your car while on it you won’t go to jail for its use.
When thinking about drugs and alcohol and maybe you are looking down on the drug users a little? Drugs are not exotic and something that only “the bad people use in the back alley use”, no not at all. Every wedding you go to is a drug-fueled party; your grandmother knocking back a few glasses of wine every night is a drug user and if you take your drinking over the line you are a drug abuser, not “just” an alcohol abuser.
The Distinction
I am not a teetotaler and I am not saying that alcohol should be classified in the same category as methamphetamine, nor am I for legalizing schedule one drugs. I just want people to look at the reality here that alcohol is as much of a drug as heroin is and in the long run probably causes more harm to society and your body.
One thing that legalizing drugs does is takes the power away from the criminals and puts it into a place where it can be better controlled and regulated. You want a perfect example of that? How about prohibition? When alcohol was illegal in the USA and who made the money off of it? With the exception of the major Canadian breweries and distilleries? Who made the money was the underworld gangs, the mafia, rum runners. What do we call the same groups of people today? Underworld gangs, cartels and drug runners.
So when asked is alcohol a drug I kind of get a little stoked up about it. If we started calling alcohol a drug it would have some benefits. It would remind people when they took a drink that they were ingesting a dangerous substance. It would also make it easier and more socially acceptable for people struggling with “drug” addiction to step forward and seek help without as much of a stigma about it.
The question however ‘is alcohol a drug’ will always be asked without a major sociological change where we would have to start looking at people suffering from alcoholism the same as people suffering from drug addiction.
Conclusion
One other thing that the answer to the question ‘is alcohol a drug’ should tell you, when you are looking for treatment and this rehab is called a drug rehab and that one is an alcohol rehab, there is no difference, they are intrinsically the same and they are both treating drug addiction. For a comprehensive understanding of different types of addiction, please refer to our guide to substance abuse. One major difference, if your poison of choice happens to be alcohol it is just easier to get in most places and when you leave the centre you will be faced with it allot more often than the ‘drug addict’. The guy in the centre using heroin, when he leaves can stop going to the back allies where he bough his drugs. Your going to have a hard time not going to the grocery store or a wedding.
“““htmlIntroduction to the Difference between Opioids and Opiates
The terms opiates and opioids are sometimes used interchangeably on rehab sites; however, these are different substances. A person often associates opiates with opium or the poppy flower which it comes from. Opioids, on the other hand are less often mentioned in conversations, but is still related to the former opiate.
In medical jargon, opioid is any substance that binds to the body’s opioid receptors. In this respect, the terms can be interchanged. In other words, not all opioids are opiates, but all opiates are opioids. There is a difference in the effects which opiates and opioids have on the body. It is this reason why it is important to know the difference between the two of them.
Therapists at Siam Rehab often get asked “did my alcohol or drug use cause my depression?” With honesty, we will likely reply “maybe”, or “it depends”. This is when it will take several dedicated therapy sessions to find the source of the depression and addiction. From here, well trained staff will be able to make a determination on which came first.
Opioids and Opiates
Both opiates and opioids stem from naturally occurring compounds found in the poppy plant. This plant produces a beautiful flower which leaves a pod containing opium after it’s shriveled and died. Opium has been used for thousands of years for a number of different reasons; more recently the opioids and opiates have been used to relieve pain. This powerful property originates in specific alkaloids or compounds naturally in the plant itself.
Opiates are anything directly derived from opium. These include heroin, morphine, codeine and opium. Some people, including addicts, prefer opiates to opioids because they are considered to be natural.
Opioids are pain reliving medications which are synthetic or semi-synthetic. This means the active molecules have been manufactured in a lab and are considered chemically man-made. Due to the molecular make up, opioids act just like opiates in the human body. Name brand examples of opioids prescribed by a doctor, but heavily abused include Demerol, Oxycodone, Fentanyl, Methadone, Percodan and Percocet.
The most notable physical differences in each of the opiates and opioids are the strengths of the drugs. Codeine would be the least potent, after which Percocet, morphine, Oxycodone and Fentanyl would follow (not all listed). It’s important to note that when a person takes more than the recommended dosage, the strength and effects of the drug becomes intensified. This is when overdoses and/or death can occur.
Only recently has the ability to travel abroad for an addiction become possible. For many addicts and their families this has been life saving. Now more than ever, the options of getting help for an addiction are vaster than ever. Low cost flights, easy access to international countries like Thailand and free or affordable visas means foreign rehabs are something everyone should consider.
Agonists versus Antagonists
Apart from the initial strength of the opiate or opioid, another difference between the two is how they interact with cell receptor sites in the brain. For example, heroin or codeine activates receptors which stimulate endorphin secretions. There appears to be a connection between this natural increase in secretion and abuse in that these are more heavily abused around the world. Oxycodone and hydrocodone, although a synthetic opioid, also activate the same receptors in the brain and have an extremely high rate of addiction. Medications, opium and heroin’s ability to turn on these receptors are called agonists.
Antagonists are drugs that block cell receptor sites in the brain. These are often used in rehab treatment programs and opiate detoxification for their ability to aid in the withdrawal process. Naloxone and Naltrexone block these areas and keep other opiates and opioids from accessing and turning on the brains’ receptors. These drugs may also be used in an emergency when a person is overdosing on the substances listed above.
There are two primary types of depression: endogenous depression and situational depression. Endogenous depression occurs when there is a biological or genetic connection to the disorder. Typically, close relatives will also suffer from depression and episodes can intensify with stress or anxiety. Most people with endogenous depression will suffer episodes throughout their life and will require long term treatment and medication. Often, this depression causes addiction rather than vice versa.
Situational depression, also known as readjustment disorder, occurs when a person is unable to healthily cope with specific stressors, environmental factors or major life events. Situational depression often occurs after the loss of a loved one, job woes, financial issues, divorce/breakups or reoccurring stress. Addiction to drugs or alcohol can be a result of this depression or alternatively, lead to depression.
Signs of Depression
- Feeling down or low for most of the day, nearly every day
- Losing pleasure in activities that were once enjoyable
- Weight gain or weight loss
- Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much
- Feeling tired even after a restful night
- Feelings of guilt, worthlessness or insecurity
- Inability to concentrate or think straight
- Difficulty speaking or moving
- In extreme cases, thoughts of self harm or suicide
Our rehab in Thailand values the recovery of each and every person and so we have a 1 to 1 staff to patient ratio to ensure every person receives adequate care and support.
Is one more dangerous than the other?
Opiates and opioids can be extremely dangerous. It is not uncommon for a person, as well as, their loved one to believe that some are safer than others especially when they are naturally derived from the poppy plant. Realistically, there is no solid evidence to say that some are more harmful. Inherent risks come with any of these substances; for the most part opiates and opioids carry the same side effects when used. That said, when any of these drugs are abused, some can become more dangerous. This is particularly because of their strength, or in the case of heroin, what other chemicals could be mixed in.
When a person has depression and has sought out treatment for the addiction only, there is a greater concern for relapsing. This is especially true when the triggers are directly related to the depression. In short, depression and addiction is dangerous and yet very common. The good news is that both disorders can be effectively treated at the same time.
In Thailand, rehab centers such as Serenity Koh Samui will be able to modify a drug and alcohol treatment program whenever necessary as long as it does not conflict or interfere with other guests of the program.
Going to a Thailand Rehab for Opiate and Opioid Addictions
Whether you or a loved one is abusing opiates or opioids, an addiction treatment program should be sought. For a comprehensive overview of different forms of addiction, please refer to our guide to substance abuse. This is because the withdrawal of any opiate or opioid can be intense and extremely uncomfortable. It’s not uncommon for an addict to be so scared of these symptoms that they avoid treatment all together. Rest assured a monitored detox at a Thailand rehab will help to decrease withdrawal symptoms and make the overall process bearable. Once a detox is complete, treatment can begin.
Read more about opiates and opioids here:
Or contact us today to learn more about how we can help.
“““htmlMost Common Opiate Drugs Overview
Opiate based abuse and addiction is a global problem. It not only affects individuals and their loved ones, but society as a whole. Between 26.4 and 36 million people around the world abuse the most common opiate drugs like hydrocodone and morphine. The consequences of this abuse include overdoses and deaths; both of which have skyrocketed in the previous decade.
Classes of Opiate Drugs
Opiate is often used to describe opioid as well. Technically, opiate refers to the naturally occurring alkaloids found in opium; the resin of the opium poppy. Semi synthetic substances which are derived also from the poppy flower may be described as being opiates too, but most doctors consider them, and synthetic substances, to be opioids. Natural, synthetic and semi synthetic opiates are all narcotics, possess painkilling properties and euphoric like effects.
The primary differences between opiate drugs are their potency and half life. This is the amount of time it takes to eliminate the drug from the bloodstream. Furthermore, once an addiction ensues, the severity of the withdrawal will depend on the length of the addiction, the dosage, drug potency and half life. In general, high potencies have a more intense withdrawal and those with longer half lives have a longer withdrawal.
Keep in mind that opiate potencies will also vary depending on the route of administration. For example, a 10 mg dose oral dose of oxycodone is equivalent to 15 mg of oral morphine. The reason is that oral oxycodone is stronger than that of oral morphine. However, this does not hold true when 15 mg morphine is injected; this would be more potent than oxycodone.
It used to be that when a person heard the term “opiate addiction”, heroin was the first drug to think of. Nowadays, the same term can refer to several different types of opiate drugs. The following explanations will ease the confusion and help you to understand the most common opiate drugs and their differences.
Natural Opiates
Codeine – Codeine is naturally found in the opium poppy; however, because it is in such small amounts most of it on the pharmaceutical market is synthetically made in labs. It’s used to treat moderate to severe pain or suppress a cough or cold. Codeine can be used through oral, rectal or intramuscular administration. Its half life is around 2.5 to 3 hours.
Morphine – Morphine is the most abundant alkaloid found in opium. It is considered to be one of the most effective medications to relieve moderate to severe pain and has been used for nearly 200 years. Although not a common street drug, morphine can cause a greater dependence than most other analgesics. When prescribed, morphine can be taken through oral, intravenous, intramuscular or rectal administration. Abusers will often crush and snort the pill or smoke it. The half life for morphine is between 2 and 3 hours.
Semi-synthetic Opioids
Hydrocodone – Hydrocodone is prescribed to treat moderate to severe pain; however, it is also the most heavily abused prescription drug in the world. Vicodin, Lortab, Lorcet, Norco and Zydone are just a few common brand names; all of which are considered to be stronger than codeine. Methods of using include oral, intranasal or rectal. Abusers may crush and snort the medication or smoke it. The half life is between 4 and 6 hours which means the withdrawal for hydrocodone can be more intense than its natural counterparts.
Oxycodone – Known more by its popular brand name, OxyContin, oxycodone is widely prescribed to treat moderate to severe pain. In a means to prevent abuse, the manufacturer added an extended time release to the tablets so they would be released in the body over 12 hours. However, abusers quickly found a way around this making it possible to get the same 12 hour dosage all at once. This has led to a rapid increase in oxycodone abuse and addiction along with overdoses and deaths. This opiate drug can be taken orally, rectally, intramuscular and intravenously. The half life ranges from 3 to 4.5 hours.
Heroin – Derived directly from morphine, heroin has a long history of abuse due to its intense, yet short lasting euphoric and sedating effects. It’s commonplace for abusers of morphine or oxycodone to eventually turn to heroin for a stronger high. It can be snorted, injected or smoked. The half life of heroin is less than 10 minutes; however, it metabolizes directly into morphine, whose half-life is between 2 and 3 hours. Due to its intensity and strength, becoming addicted to heroin can happen in just a couple of uses. The withdrawal is equally intense which leads to a number of addicts struggling to quit the drug without the assistance of an opiate rehab.
Synthetic Opioids
Meperidine – More commonly known by its brand name as Demerol, meperidine or pethidine is prescribed to treat moderate to severe pain. It’s not commonly abused; however, if no other opiate drugs are available, abusers will use this drug. Doctors generally do not prescribe large amounts because it can lead to an accumulation of the toxic metabolite normeperidine. This is a CNS irritant and can lead to seizures. Meperidine can be taken through intranasal, rectal, intravenous and oral administration. It has a half life between 5 and 6 hours.
Fentanyl – As a fully synthetic opioid, Fentanyl is a highly potent drug used to treat severe pain, terminally ill patients or provide anaesthesia and analgesia in hospital settings. The drug is around 100 times stronger than morphine and can be administered through transdermal, intramuscular, intravenous, oral, sublingual and intranasal routes. Abusers of Fentanyl often use the transdermal patches; this is partly due to with its limited street availability, but also the way the drug can be extracted.
Fentanyl has one of the highest overdose rates of all opiate drugs. Over the last 5 years, it’s became increasingly common for drug dealers to lace heroin with fentanyl because it produces stronger effects. Unknowingly, individuals use the heroin in their same preferred doses, but end up overdosing. Without immediate medical help, this is often fatal.
Getting Help for an Opiate Addiction
An addiction to any of the common opiate drugs can be very serious. The withdrawal alone can be mentally and physically intense; so much so, that quitting without assistance may seem impossible. For a comprehensive overview of different forms of addiction, please refer to our guide to substance abuse. Moreover, cravings for the drug can last for weeks or months. For a healthy, long lasting sobriety an opiate treatment program should be considered. A rehab will help to get through the initial withdrawal symptoms by implementing an opiate detoxification.
From there, a variety of therapies will be implored to work through core issues, identify root causes and create coping strategies which can be used during and after treatment. Throughout the program, constant care, support and guidance will be offered in a safe and private environment. Whether you’re completing a 1 month, 2 month or 3 month opiate rehab program, you will be on your way to living a happy, sober life.
If you would like to know more about our opiate treatment, contact Siam Rehab today. We’ll be happy to answer any questions you may have about our leading rehab centre in Thailand.
“““html6 Ways You Can Spot a Person with a Cocaine or Crack Addiction
Whenever a person abuses drugs, alcohol or even medications on a regular basis, they will begin to change the way they interact or behave with others. Family, friends and co-workers will quickly begin to see noticeable differences in the individual, but may not understand what is going on. Often loved ones will immediately deny there is a potential addiction and instead blame the behavioral issues on stress or lack of sleep.
In the case of cocaine or crack addiction, rehab treatment is important for long term sobriety and healing. However, before encouraging a loved one to go to a cocaine rehab in Thailand or elsewhere, you must be able to identify the signs of cocaine or crack abuse. Through this, you can better understand the risks of the active cocaine addiction and provide them with guidance and support they may need to begin a detox and recovery program.
Symptoms of a Cocaine Addiction that Stand Out
Cocaine, crack, snow, blow; all are common names of this illegal and potent drug. The substance causes an intense euphoric like high followed by a come down that can induce relaxation and then exhaustion. Cocaine abuse and addiction has some unique symptoms which can be easily identified if you know what to look for.
Dilated Pupils: Cocaine high lasts about 15 – 30 minutes; however, those who are smaller (body size) or younger may be effected for a longer period of time. Throughout the high, the pupils may become extremely dilated. This means the black part of the eye will appear very large. Keep in mind, dilated pupils are a tell tale sign of several drugs so may not automatically mean cocaine is the culprit.
Excessive Amounts of Energy and Joy: When trying to spot a cocaine addiction, the physical way a person behaves is often a clear giveaway. In the case of cocaine or crack, the individual may seem happier than “usual”. If you ask them why they are so giddy, they may not have an answer or just shrug and laugh it off. Throughout this euphoric time, they may appear very speedy and be unable to keep still. This hyperactivity will also be noticeable in the voice in that talking may be exceedingly fast. It’s not uncommon for someone who has been addicted to coke for a long period of time to be able to slow down or change the tone of his or her voice.
Constantly Going “Somewhere”: The cocaine and crack high is short lived. It’s rare for any user to do just one “line”; normally users and abusers will binge on cocaine for the entire night, weekend or every day. This means they will constantly need to top up or refuel. Going to the bathroom frequently or escaping to a secluded area for a few minutes at a time is a probable sign of cocaine use.
Mood Swings: With a cocaine or crack addiction, there are psychological highs and lows. When the user is snorting or smoking the drug, they may appear erratic and jumpy. During the comedown, this changes dramatically. They may have a hard time putting sentences together or thinking clearly. They may be irritable, moody and restless. The extreme shift in the mood is one of the most obvious non-physical signs of cocaine abuse.
Powdery Residue and Paraphernalia: When cocaine is used, it will leave traces of powder on any associated paraphernalia. This may look like a light dusting of sugar, laundry powder or baking soda. An even bigger giveaway would be mirrors or trays which the drug is snorted on, straws or metal like tubes to snort the drug and razors or bank cards to crush the cocaine. In the case of crack, glass pipes, foil, spoons, lighters or matches may be seen. You may also find small pieces of paper folded in the shape of an envelope or little baggies which the substance came in.
Financial Troubles: Finally, when an individual is heavily abusing crack or cocaine they will eventually run into financial troubles (unless money is no object). Both of these drugs are a very expensive habit. With regular use, loved ones may notice the user is late on paying necessary bills like rent, food, insurance, petrol and school. They may start to ask you or others for to borrow money promising to pay it back, but often it doesn’t happen. In worse situations, and without going to a drug and alcohol treatment center, the user may result to illegal activity to fund their habit.
Going to a Cocaine Rehab in Thailand
Thailand is a growing destination for people with addictions. Rehabs like Siam Rehab opened their doors to addicts of cocaine, crack and other substances. As a private rehab in Thailand, there is no government reporting ensuring an addicts’ privacy is respected to the fullest. Treatment programs for cocaine are tailored to the individual; they will include an eclectic range of holistic and traditional therapies which will help to heal the body and mind. This 365 degree view of treatment will ultimately lead to long term sobriety and pure happiness.
For a comprehensive overview of different forms of substance abuse and treatment options, please refer to our guide to substance abuse. If you or someone you know has an addiction to cocaine and would like to join a treatment program, please contact us today to find out how our Thailand rehab can be of assistance.
“““htmlMarijuana Use Disorder Overview
Marijuana, also referred to as cannabis, hashish, or hash, is considered to be the most common illegal psychoactive substance in the world. The psychoactive properties are a result of the Cannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The strength of marijuana is typically measured by the amount of THC concentration.
THC reaches the brain in minutes and binds to the Cannabinoid CB1 receptor in the brain. It activates these receptors in the mesolimbic dopamine system which is hypothesized to modulate positive rewarding effects.
In the 60s and 70s, marijuana strains were found to have between 0.4 and 1 percent of THC. Today cultivators have manipulated popular strains to contain up to 25 percent or more THC. The increase in potency has stirred a long and heated debate on whether or not it has triggered a rise in marijuana use disorders as well as neurological and psychological changes within the brain.
The legal status of marijuana use, including recreational and medical purposes, varies across the United States and internationally. Medical researchers suggest that around 10 percent of regular users develop marijuana use disorder, something that could be associated with cognitive impairment, mood disorders, psychosis, and problems within work, family, and social aspects of life.
Clinical Manifestations of Marijuana Use Disorder
A marijuana use disorder is is manifested by a persisting pattern of use that results in a significant life impairment in at least two domains with a 12 month period. This could include giving up activities that were once enjoyed, have problems at work, or developing health complications.
Unlike other substance use disorders in which the quantity and frequency of use is taken into consideration, marijuana use disorders are diagnosed through a very careful and precise assessment of impairments. Key diagnostic features that a clinician might assess include a patient denial of their use even when valid collateral sources (i.e. family, friends, work) of using exist and also denial even when there is contradicting evidence (i.e. urine testing).
Trends on the Prevalence of Marijuana Usage
The prevalence of marijuana usage varies greatly by country. For instance in countries where marijuana has been medicalized, regulated, or decriminalized, usage tends to be higher. Other usage elements that could be taken into consideration include culture and societal beliefs.
Marijuana Use in the US
The laws and attitudes toward marijuana usage in the US are becoming more relaxed. This shift in thinking has caused researchers to wonder whether or not the prevalence of using marijuana and marijuana use disorders have also changed.
The most recent published study by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), suggests that things have altered in the 21st century.2 Her and her team interviewed over 36,000 American adults about their marijuana, alcohol, and drug use, as well as any psychiatric conditions.
Their goal was to present up to date nationally representative data on marijuana use and marijuana use disorders between 2012 and 2013, and to determine any changes between this year and 2002 and 2002 (the last study). The team used diagnostic criteria as found in the DSM-4.
What they found was that between 2012 and 2013, 9.5% of adults in the US had used marijuana in the past year, and 2.9% had a clinical diagnosis of DSM-4 marijuana use disorder. This meant approximately 3 out of 10 marijuana users, or 6,846,000 Americans, had a marijuana use disorder.
Furthermore, marijuana use and marijuana use disorder significantly increased since the 2001-2002 study. In fact is nearly doubled in marijuana use and the prevalence of a disorder was two-fold. No increase in the risk for developing a marijuana use disorder among users was found to be true; rather, it had decreased. The study suggested the increase in marijuana use disorder could be linked to the increase in users between the two studies.
This also corroborates with other reports of an increase in use which is likely related to changes in legislation as well as an increasing potency of THC. It is suggested that THC in marijuana could reinforce the effects; however, this needs further merit investigation.
Ultimately the concluding results of the study were that as marijuana usage continues to grow, so too could marijuana use disorders. Due to the lack of clinical understanding, public awareness is limited. This means that only a small number of people will actually seek out treatment.
Marijuana Use in the UK
Approximately one third of adults in the UK have tried marijuana; about 2.5 million people between the ages of 16 to 29 have used it in the past year. The latest drug report findings out the UK shows that marijuana was the most common drug used between 2015 and 2016, with 6.5% of adults using it in the past year. These results are similar to the previous years survey of 6.7%, but shows significant falls when compared to a decade ago (8.7%). Up to 37% of marijuana users were considered to use the drug frequently.
There is a lack of direct research on marijuana use disorders in the UK, or more frequently referred to as marijuana abuse and dependency. One relevant study that sought to provide clinicians with effective ways to assess and manage marijuana use disorders is that by psychiatrist Adam R Winstock. 3 He notes that the past decade has seen a dramatic shift in marijuana preparations in the UK.
What began with resinous hash has now migrated into high potency preparations that dominate the UK market. High-potency cannabis has been found to have soaring levels of THC and could be attributed to marijuana use disorders. Despite the large number of people who use marijuana on a regular basis, only 6% seek out treatment for abuse or dependency of marijuana.4
Furthermore, those who have been diagnosed with a marijuana use disorder do not list marijuana use as their most dominate complaint or concern. Rather respiratory problems, depression, anxiety, exacerbation of an underlying mental health disorder, inability to concentrate, and legal or employment problems reside above the actual use. The low levels of people seeking out treatment could be associated with a lack of awareness around marijuana use disorder and other harms.
How High-Potency Cannabis Affects the Brain
A new study published by researchers out of King’s College London suggest that smoking high-potency cannabis could be linked to changes in the white matter connections between the brain’s two hemispheres. High-potency cannabis has high levels of THC and is commonly smoked by marijuana users throughout the UK.
The brains of 56 people who sought out treatment for psychosis were scanned, in addition to a control group of 43 people. Researchers observed the density in the corpus callosum of the brain, or white matter tracts that extend outwards from neurons in one hemisphere into the other. When the white matter connections are damaged, the communication in between brain cells becomes impaired. This can lead to cognitive problems including memory loss and difficulty concentrating.
The study goes onto to suggest that there are significant links between how often a person smokes marijuana and how much damage has occurred to the white matter. People who smoked more frequently had a greater chance of white matter damage than those who did not smoke high-potency cannabis often, or who smoked less potent marijuana strains.
It should be noted that white matter damage was related to high-potency cannabis use regardless of psychosis symptoms being relevant. Researchers do not understand the cause and effect of this or how the relationship between high-potency cannabis and white matter originates. It is with hope further studies can corroborate with the current findings.
Marijuana Use in Canada
In Canada, marijuana is the most commonly used illegal drug. Currently recreational use is illegal; however, marijuana can be used for medicinal purposes when supported by a healthcare practitioner. The most recent study from 2022 reports that 27% of Canadians have used marijuana in the last year.
Adolescents had the highest amount of use in 2009-2010 with 28% having smoked it at least one time. Growing research out of Canada indicates that chronic use of the drug could have adverse health effects including mental, physical, and cognitive impairment.
Another study published in 2012 shows that 21.6% of Canadians (or 6 million people) met the criteria for a substance use disorder. Alcohol was the most common (18.1%) with marijuana following suit, at 6.8%. This study was the first time marijuana abuse or dependency was assessed on a national level.
Marijuana Use in Australia
Marijuana use in Australia was not popular prior to the 1970s. Since this time, use has increased with the 1990s having the highest usage. It has since gradually decreased, but it continues to be the most used illegal drug in Australia. Similar to other countries, most users are in their 20s and 30s.
The Australian Institute of Health and Welfare cited daily usage of marijuana in 2004 at 16 percent, with most of these users around the age of 30-39. A 2007 study showed marijuana had been used at least once by a third of Australians over the age of 14. A further 1.6 millions people had used the drug within the last 12 months.
A 2016 household study of 115,000 people showed 48.1% of Australians has used marijuana in the last year. Of these people, 15.2% of females and 17.9% of males used the drug at least 300 days out of the year. Furthermore 5.9% of females and 6.9% of males reported being under the influence of marijuana for at least 12 hours a day.
The Impact of Marijuana Use
Occasional use of marijuana is generally not considered to be harmful, however, when used there are notable changes in the body and mind. Overuse of the drug, or when used in conjunction with a mental health disorder, the effects could be substantial and even detrimental.
Physical Effects of Marijuana Use
Marijuana is most often smoked, but it can also be eaten, brewed into a tea, or inhaled through a special vaporizer. Regardless of how it enters the body, the nervous system, organs, and brain will be affected within minutes. (Eating it will take longer for the body to process the THC). The immediate effects can last between 3 and 4 hours and include:
- Increase in heart rate
- Increase in bleeding
- Low blood pressure
- Alteration in blood sugar levels
- Shallow breathing
- Dilated pupils and red eyes
- Dry mouth and dizziness
- Slowed reaction time
Marijuana use can also cause changes to the user’s mind and mood. Some effects may include:
- A distorted sense of time
- Paranoia
- Anxiety
- Depression
Long term effects of marijuana can vary and depend on whether or not the user is considered to have a marijuana use disorder, an issue that affects around 10-30% of people. Marijuana could worsen liver disease, low blood pressure, or diabetes. In men low testosterone, sperm count, and it’s quality may be decreased; of which could lead to a low libido and fertility.
Long term use has also been linked to mental illness in some users, such as:
- Temporary hallucinations
- Paranoia (Temporary or persistent)
- Delusions
- Psychosis
- Worsening the symptoms of schizophrenia
It is important to note that the aforementioned is not exhaustive, and it is also not conclusive. Other studies that also consider underlying factors including THC levels and undiagnosed health issues, must be conducted.
Addictiveness of Marijuana
Marijuana use can lead to a marijuana use disorder which takes the form of addiction. Not all users, including frequent users, will become addicted to the drug. For more information on various forms of addiction, please refer to our guide to substance abuse. Currently it is not understood why this holds true, but could be related to genetic predisposal, social environment, childhood, underlying health issues, and so forth.
A marijuana use disorder is associated with dependence and a withdrawal. People diagnosed with this disorder frequently report irritability, decreased appetite, cravings, restlessness, and sleep issues when they quit. These symptoms can last between one and two weeks or more.
Users who have been diagnosed with a marijuana use disorder, and have quit, report the process as being mildly uncomfortable. It cannot be compared to other disorders that include alcohol or prescription medications.
Many people who quit marijuana were found to have other emotional or mental issues going on, which may have been attributed to their use. In this case cognitive behavioral therapy, counseling, yoga, exercise, and meditation were all found to be very helpful. If a mental health disorder was prevalent, psychiatric help and medication may be recommended to the patient.
Impact of Marijuana Use on Quality of Life
The topic of marijuana and relationships is very controversial with some clinicians believing the two cannot go hand in hand; rather mixing like dynamite and a match. Thus, resulting in widespread, far reaching effects. Others believe marijuana has no effect on relationships, and then there are those that feel it will be inherently unique and dependent on a broad range of circumstances.
It can be said that this disorder, regardless of it being deemed mild, moderate, or severe, could minimize progress and growth in a relationship. A marijuana use disorder may impact:
- The user’s personal life
- Friendships
- Intimacy
- Commitments
- Family life
- Responsibilities
- Work/school obligations
To what degree marijuana use remains casual in these associations remains an open, and broad, topic of debate that requires further research. It is entirely possible that other factors independently predispose a person to marijuana use disorders and negative life outcomes.
“““htmlPrescription Drug Addiction Overview
Unfortunately, because prescription drugs are deemed legal, many people assume the side effects and risk of addiction is less than illegal drugs like heroin. This is not always the case.
These legal drugs are readily available throughout the world and are prescribed by a doctor or bought over the counter. They may be initially used to curb moderate to severe pain, alleviate depression, induce sleeping or reduce anxiety. Often a user means well and has no intention of getting addicted. A concern amongst the professionals in the addiction community is the lack of education from doctors to patients. In general, a person will not realize they have an addiction to the drug until it’s too late. To further this concern is the initial withdrawal. For many of these medications, a withdrawal is very serious and can be deadly if it is not monitored or controlled. It is this very reason, a rehab center should be considered for any prescription medication addiction.
If you’re not familiar with this growing worldwide trend, we’ll explain the most common abused legal medications as well as, some concerning correlating statistics.
Prescription Abuse and Addiction Statistics
52 Million Adult Americans have abused prescription medications at least once.
7 million Americans abuse prescription medications on a regular basis.
France is said to be the biggest abuser of prescription medications with 78 in 1000 actively abusing CNS depressants and other psychotropic drugs.
Many experts state that Britain is beginning to show signs of a “US-style epidemic in the abuse of prescription drugs.”
Most Commonly Abused Prescription Medications
Barbiturates
Barbiturate medications are prescribed as a sedative and help to treat anxiety, sleeping disorders and certain types of seizures. Brand names include Nembutal and Secondal. These should not be taken for more than 8 weeks at a time because of their associated long term risks. As you take them on a regular basis, a tolerance will build and an addiction will develop. In high doses, they can cause slowed breathing, low blood pressure and respiratory arrest. A barbiturate withdrawal is very challenging and can be deadly.
Benzodiazepines/ CNS Depressants
Benzodiazepines are often prescribed for long term (as needed) and preferred by doctors over barbiturates. Brand names include Valium and Xanax. As a sedative, they help to relieve anxiety, panic attacks and sleep problems. However, they can be misused and will promote a tolerance when taken for extended periods of time.
Sleep Medicines
Medications like Ambien, Lunesta and Sonata are given to help people get the vital rest their body needs to allow them to function. Overusing them can cause dependency, further sleeping disorders and insomnia.
Further research is needed to fully understand a withdrawal from liquid ecstasy. Physical symptoms can appear in people who have ceased using the drug after a few days of consecutive use. Symptoms could include anxiety, insomnia, nausea, chest pain or tightness, muscle aches, sensitivity to sound or light, dysphoria, seizures and mental impairment. These symptoms can last between 2 days and 4 weeks. There have been people who struggle to cope with these withdrawal symptoms and require the assistance of a detoxification and rehab center. This is more frequent in heavy liquid ecstasy users.
Some liquid ecstasy users will attempt to withdrawal on their own. Because the effects can be so severe, they may use benzodiazepines or alcohol to lessen them. Self medicating any drug withdrawal without medical supervision can be extremely dangerous. It’s highly recommended to consult a doctor or rehab before going cold turkey (quitting on your own).
Amphetamines
Amphetamines are a stimulant prescribed to treat ADHD and narcolepsy. Its brand names include Adderall and Dexedrine. The drugs’ effects will increase alertness, boost energy and suppress weight gain. These legal highs are commonly used amongst college students and busy working professionals.
Painkillers
Painkillers are used to dull or mitigate pain from an injury or surgery. Often it is the users who end up with a prescription drug addiction, but not always. The effects are described as having a sense of euphoria or feeling carefree. Brand names are vast, but may include codeine, morphine, Vicodin, Percocet, Oxycontin, Lortab and Dilaudid.
Dextromethorphan (DXM)
DXM is often available as an over the counter medication. As an ingredient in cold and cough medication it can help to break up phlegm and congestion. Large doses can cause euphoria, an intense high and hallucinations. It can also cause a rapid heart rate, vomiting and in severe cases brain damage.
Mixing Medications with Alcohol or other Drugs
When any of the medications above are mixed with alcohol or drugs, the effects are significantly increased. Many users seek these stronger feelings and purposely mix them. Often, these are the reasons behind fatal overdoses.
6 of the Most Common Reasons Prescription Drug Addiction
Any underlying reasons or core issues aside, when prescription medication abusers were asked why they abused these specific drugs, their primary reasons were as follows.
- Legal and more accepted by society.
- Easily available.
- Cheaper and longer lasting than other substances.
- Can claim to have a prescription if caught by police.
- Believing there are no ill effects.
- Less stigma and shame attached to using.
Getting Help for Medication Addictions
An addiction to any prescription medication should not be taken lightly. Many of these drugs will require a monitored detoxification followed by intensive treatment. You will be able to recover and move into long term sobriety after the assistance of a rehab programme. For a comprehensive overview of different forms of addiction, including prescription medications, please refer to our guide to substance abuse. Thailand is one of the leading destinations to get help for addiction treatment. Siam Rehab, a center in the North of the country, offers a cost affordable private programme which uses a Non 12 step, evidence based approach with a number of alternative and fitness based therapies. Through this well rounded approach, you can begin to heal the body, mind and spirit. If you would like to know more about our prescription medication addiction treatment in Thailand, contact Siam Rehab today.
“““htmlWhat You Should Know About Oxycodone
Oxycodone is one of the most abused medications in the United States. Its popularity continues to grow despite efforts being made by government and leading health centers to prevent the abuse of the drug. The medication was first synthesized in 1916 and has been misused almost since its initial release on the market. Nowadays, it’s relatively easy to get and legal which is why more people are turning to this drug as a means of coping with chronic pain or distressing emotions.
Oxycodone abuse and addiction is not slowing down. Rehab centers continue to treat a large percentage of oxycodone addicts while trying to create awareness and education about the harmful effects of abuse. If you believe you know someone who is abusing oxycodone, here are some facts you should learn about.
Oxycodone is a painkiller.
Oxycodone is a synthetic opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain. Its common trade name is Oxycontin, but it is also found in Percodan and Tylox. In the early 2000’s, oxycodone was widely regarded as a welcoming drug. This was because it was one of the first medications to be a time released drug which aimed to prevent abuse and addiction. Unfortunately, users found a way around this by crushing and snorting the tablets or capsules. There are many different street names for the drug.
Oxycodone has many different street names, and these vary depending on the location and current trends. The DEA’s listed common street names for oxycodone include Oxy, OC, cotton, kickers, Ox, OCs, beans, rushbo, orange counties, killers and hillbilly heroin.
Millions of prescriptions are written every year.
The schedule II substance must be prescribed by a doctor. This has led to a significant increase in doctor shopping (an activity in which someone goes to multiple doctors for a prescription), as well as illegal street and online trading. In 2013, the U.S. was the biggest global consumer for oxycodone; with a total of 81% of the world market being distributed in the country. In 2012, Florida listed 735 deaths being a result of an oxycodone overdose.
Oxycodone abuse affects all peoples.
Unique to oxycodone is the effect it’s had in all different age groups, ethnicities and backgrounds. Some people believe it’s most popular in affluent white collar communities where the addiction would be easier to mask and also, easier to accept. Abuse is also seen in school age children and the elderly. According to one survey, up to one million people have abused oxycodone at least once.
It produces euphoric like effects.
While oxycodone is meant to alleviate pain, it is abused mainly because it produces euphoric like effects similar to that of other opioids. Many users claim they abuse the drug because they were trying to escape the reality of a situation. Other abusers, especially younger generations, do not understand the effects and use the drug to “fit in” socially. In some cases, people develop oxycodone addictions after sustaining an injury in which they were prescribed the drug for an extended period of time.
Mixing oxycodone and alcohol is popular.
Alcohol and oxycodone is a very popular combination because it heightens the effects, even though it carries extremely high risks. New York Rangers hockey player, Derek Boogaard, died from this cocktail leading to large media campaigns to create awareness. Both substances depress the nervous system and can cause respiratory problems and a slowed heart beat. As a result organ damage, brain damage, stroke or death can occur.
Frequent oxycodone abuse leads to a tolerance.
With the frequent use of oxycodone, a tolerance will build causing the user to need more of the medication to get the same effects. Although everyone is different, frequent use can mean daily or bi-daily use for several weeks or months depending on the dosage, body weight and whether or not the individual has battled an addiction in the past.
The prescription painkiller is highly addictive.
Tolerance to oxycodone can rapidly occur; with addiction soon to follow. Once this has happened, the individual may physically, emotionally and mentally begin to change. They may seem distant, “zoned out” or reclusive. Irritability, anger and depression may sprout out of seemingly nowhere, and this can be attributed to the need for more of the drug. Over time, financial, legal, workplace and relationship issues can develop. If an oxycodone rehab, or some other form of help, is not sought, these effects will continue to increase until a serious problem results.
Withdrawal symptoms will happen.
Addiction to the drug will lead to withdrawal symptoms whenever the user does not take oxycodone. These can set in within a few hours and last for up to a week. The intensity of the symptoms will depend on the length of abuse and the amount used. Withdrawal symptoms can include restlessness, muscle aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cold flashes, sweating, involuntary twitching and irritability.
Getting Help for an Oxycodone Addiction
Oxycodone addictions are not to be taken lightly. The physical and mental factors of the addiction make it very difficult for a person to quit without the assistance of a rehab centre. For a comprehensive overview of different forms of substance abuse and treatment options, please refer to our guide to substance abuse.
